The RESER 20th Anniversary Conference Gala Dinner, Gothenburg 2010

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2 Patrik Ström and Cheryl Marie Cordeiro, RESER's local organizing committee 2010.

Dr. Cheryl M. Cordeiro-Nilsson and Associate Professor Patrik Ström (Chairman of the local Organizing Committee for RESER 2010), a last inspection of the Odd Fellows Estate grand hall, prior to dinner.
Photo © J E Nilsson and C M Cordeiro-Nilsson for CMC 2010

The 30th September to 2 October, 2010 saw the world’s leading researchers in the field of Services Research gather in Gothenburg, Sweden, for their annual conference.

The Chairman of the local Organizing Committee for RESER 2010 was Patrik Ström, Associate Professor, Docent, PhD, Ek.Dr. Staffan Helmfrid Pro Futura Fellow at the School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, whom I had the pleasure to assist in the materializing of this event.
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ICMIT 2010 and the changing face of Singapore

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conference_1

From left to right Keynote speaker, Professor Philip Phan, Dr. Cheryl Marie Cordeiro and Keynote speaker, Professor Michael Song, ICMIT 2010 in Singapore
Photo: Courtesy of ICMIT 2010

Behind the short and cryptic ICMIT stands the full title of the IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology 2-5 June 2010. Originally a Singaporean initiative, this conference was now held for its fifth time.

Since my academic interest revolves much around Knowledge Management, Communication and Information Technology, I was happy to find towards the end of last year that a paper I had submitted to this conference had been accepted, and not only that but I was also invited to take a more active role in the conference by being part of the scientific review committee and indeed, actually chairing one of the sessions.

Even if I have spent my last ten years in Sweden, I did grow up in Singapore and spent my postgraduate years at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore (NTU) respectively.

So this conference was a happy reunion of sorts since the organizers of this conference were mainly from NUS and NTU, so it gave me a chance to meet with several former professors, who were also my mentors. In particular a warm thank you goes to Dr. Chai Kah Hin (NUS) and Dr. Ravi Sharma (NTU) for a conference well organized, and to Dr. Chris Khoo Soo Guan (NTU) who besides a most impressive tour around the vast NTU campus also showed us the best new dessert and ice cream parlors in the area.

Conference themes
The main theme to this year’s ICMIT conference was Management of Innovation and Technology in its widest sense. My point and contribution was to discuss that technology when managed, packaged and sold as in whole industrial complexes for example, would fail if not accompanied by the tacit knowledge that is needed to make it work. My point was illustrated from the perspective of Swedish managers working in Swedish companies in Singapore.

lecture_4119

My paper was presented under Knowledge Management (1), 4/6/2010 13:30-15:00, Room: Jupiter, Chairs: Cheryl Marie Cordeiro and Ying Hsun Hung

As an example, a bicycle in a box however neatly packaged and sent somewhere, would still need someone to teach one how to use it, to be of any use at all. And how this tacit (implicit) knowledge transfer – by definition not possible to codify – could be investigated and assessed by the use of language.

When keeping up is not enough
What struck me when we circled down for landing in Singapore Airline’s (SIA) Boeing 777-212ER was how fast Singapore changes. Every time I come back, the landscape changes.

orchard_ion_building

The new ION shopping mall that opened July 2009 at Orchard Road, brings together “the world’s best brands’ flagship, concept and lifestyle stores within one development, with four levels above ground and four levels below – totaling 66,000 square meters of retail space.”

There is however, a price to pay for Singaporeans with these speedy changes. There are so many memory lanes that are just not there anymore to be walked and the financial and architectural development is done in such a rush, at such a breakneck speed, that it washes clean a sense of rootedness for Singaporeans to its land. Still, Singapore is indeed one of the major financial and administrative centers in South East Asia, a character trait that impresses upon visitors with the current architecture of the heart of the Central Business District. The goal of Singapore is to make it to the lead, and remain there.
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Feminine power behind the veil: who’s voices are we hearing?

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Niqab

Photo from Photobucket.

Growing up in a multi-racial, multi-religious and as such, multi-ethnic dress codes nation as Singapore, I never thought twice about each ethnic group’s choice of dress, they being normalized as part of the larger socio-cultural fabric of Singapore from when I was very young. The hijab worn by Muslim women in Singapore is most common, where I understood from fellow female classmates who were Muslim, that it was a matter of personal choice what to wear and when to begin wearing their hijabs.

The niqab and the burqa however would draw slightly more attention in Singapore even today, because of its fuller head to toe covering. But being pragmatists, Singaporeans are most likely to ponder its practicality in choice of clothes worn under the sometimes punishing tropical heat and humidity, wondering how the wearer would fare under those layers of dress when those in t-shirts, shorts and sandals have problems keeping talcum fresh?

The debate around the niqab and the burqa in Europe, most notably because of France’s consideration on banning the burqa, comes from an array of perspectives other than practicality of dress, from how the dress does not conform to the European cultural identity (a point of view that is highly debatable considering the mobility of people these days), to religious freedom without steering towards radicalism and perhaps the most common theme, the head to toe covering as a means of the oppression of women:

“It will not be welcome on French soil,” he said.” We cannot accept, in our country, women imprisoned behind a mesh, cut off from society, deprived of all identity. That is not the French republic’s idea of women’s dignity.” ~ French President Nicholas Sarkozy, in an article by Emma Jane Kirby BBC News, 22 January 2010.

From the Swedish Prime Minister, Fredrik Reinfeldt and leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, Mona Sahlin:

“Det är ett uttryck för kvinnoförtryck, [it is a sign of opression of women] sade Reinfeldt i en debatt med Socialdemokraternas ledare Mona Sahlin i Sveriges Radio.”

“Mona Sahlin vill inte ha något förbud av den typen i Sverige, men anser också hon att heltäckande slöja är uttryck för kvinnoförtryck.” [Mona Sahlin does not want a ban of this type in Sweden, but it is her opinion too that a fully covering veil is sign of female opression] ~ Dagens Nyheter published on 27 January 2010.

The same opinion is put forth by Norska Arbeiderpartiets spokesperson on immigration, Lise Christoffersen, i Aftenposten.

As a linguist I can’t help noticing that three of the most important political leaders in Scandinavia are not arguing against female oppression, but against the symbol for it.

From Daily Telegraph writer James Delingpole is also of the point of view of Sarkozy, noting,

‘The freedom’ [Obama] is granting US Muslim women to wear the veil is in fact the most surefire way of guaranteeing their continued subservience. ~ also in Finding Dulcinea

And while the humanitarian intentions are positive on the surface so long as no deeper political motives are uncovered, the perspective of the veil as oppression is not difficult to understand from those who do not wear it in their culture. And as social constructionism (Berger and Luckmann, 1966) would have it, it would be down right difficult for us who do not have the burqa in our culture to view it any other way than as oppressive, our point of view being coloured by our ‘reality’. Even I would feel more comfortable in a qipao and kebaya than a full covering of the burqa, simply because the former ethnic dresses are part of my cultural heritage whilst the latter isn’t. Any fuller coverings than what I think is already a modest long sleeved, ankle brushing kebaya would make me feel restricted in movement and worse, contribute to a feeling of complete loss of my social identity where I become faceless and voiceless.

But for those whose socio-cultural and religious heritage means bearing the niqab and the burqa, how powerless and subservient are the women behind the veil really?
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Doktorspromotion 2009, University of Gothenburg

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Cheryl Marie Cordeiro, Doktorspromovering 2009, PhD graduation ceremony, University of Gothenburg, Svenska Mässan

On stage, halfway through the ceremony. I’m seated third row from the back, in a white dress. Deans and faculty leaders of the University of Gothenburg (GU) are seated at the front of the stage, in the respective faculty colours and gowns.
Photo for CMC © Jan-Erik Nilsson, David Neikter Nilsson, Anders Lindström 2009

The 30th of October, 2009 was the University of Gothenburg’s annual prize giving and doctoral awards ceremony and gala event. It was wonderful to have these grey autumn days lit by people dressed up in formal attire, tailcoats mandatory for all men receiving awards that evening, and all women in long dresses or ball gowns. Everyone looked smart and regal.

For this event, I wore the full length, white crochet dress that my mother had made for me more than a decade ago. It was meant for my college prom night, so I was 18 years old when I wore this dress the first time.
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35 for Gothenburg: a book by Edwin Thumboo

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Singapore Literature booth, Göteborgs Bokmässan, 2009

Singapore literature, displayed at the Singapore booth at Gothenburg’s annual Bookfair, 2009.
Photos © Jan-Erik Nilsson and Cheryl M. Cordeiro for CMC, 2009

Even with new publishing spaces and mediums available on the internet with e-journals, online magazines, webpages and blogs, books in print continue to remain a stable platform for voices to be heard. It seemed that this year’s annual Gothenburg Bookfair was just as busy and electric in atmosphere as previous years. In fact, this years visit went straight to my heart. In the maze of exhibition stalls – some piled with books from the ground up so as to obscure vision – was a cozy and neat, red and white walled unit labeled, Singapore Literature. Even its colours reminded me of home and I was completely drawn to this year’s event as such, focusing my attention on the International Square, a hall dedicated to international authors.
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Doctoral Thesis, public defense May 9th, 2009

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Disputation Göteborgs Universitet. Cheryl Marie Cordeiro, Kirsten Jaeger, Aalborg

Waiting for the public defence session to begin. The Opponent and main examiner was Associate Professor Kirsten Jaeger from Aalborg Univeristy, Denmark.
Photo for CMC: JE Nilsson and David Neikter Nilsson © 2009

One of the things that have dawned on me during the years I have spent working on my thesis is that writing a doctoral thesis and having it approved are done for various reasons, and thus approached in many different ways around the world.

One reason for people to pursue a PhD is to obtain a final, formal confirmation of their status as an expert in their own lifelong field of work. In northern Europe, you can research and write a PhD thesis alongside your full-time occupation, and there is no real rush to it. If it takes ten years or more, it does not really matter. That the time taken to write a PhD thesis is secondary to the quality of the thesis is very much emphasized here in Sweden, and these values are reflected in the average time to complete a PhD in Scandinavia, which is 10 to 14 years, without anyone batting an eyelid.

A more common reason for pursuing a PhD is in preparation to your academic career in your particular field of interest. This is mostly done at the university where you’ve received your basic training, by adding a research education on top of what you have already done in your undergraduate days. This is a quicker way and you follow the methods of the professor you have already been studying under.

Personally, I have a passion for research and pursued a PhD because I wanted to become a research specialist in a field of my own choice and one that I have pioneered myself out of pure interest, which is to study Scandinavian management / leadership in Asia, in particular in Singapore. I also wanted to use the two qualitative methods of grounded theory and systemics linguistics as analysis tools on business administration matters, while most other studies on management have thus far favoured quantitative methods.

Having come from a mostly Anglo-Saxon education background, I have also sped through, the best I could, the Nordic education system with 6 years doing my PhD, that included a year as a ‘visiting student’, the time spent learning Swedish as a third language, the sporadically offered compulsory PhD courses for all doctoral students and the writing of the thesis.

I actually saw this entire process as something quite enjoyable. To be able to dig into tens and thousands of words and numbers, get them into order and eventually start seeing them form into patterns of meaning and information, is actually fun. I realize this might finally position me as a true blue ‘nerd’, but so be it.

PhD Public Defence session

Protocols for PhD public defence sessions in Scandinavia vary according to which traditions the institution follows. Some universities in Finland are amusingly conservative, so much so that one can almost see how doctoral public defences were conducted during the Medieval times, while universities in Denmark can be quite modern and informal. Swedish traditions are somewhere in-between.

Disputation, Arkeologen, G&teborgs Universitet.

All in all, around thirty persons made it to the event last Saturday. Considering this was during a spring weekend, I was impressed and happy to see so many attending the disputation instead of setting up barbecue in their gardens or pretty much doing anything else at all.

The procedure during my defence session in Sweden began with the Chairman opening the session by introducing the participants, which were the Candidate (myself) and the Opponent, in this case, Associate Professor Kirsten Jaeger from Aalborg University, Denmark, who was also the main examiner in the examination committee.

Next step was for the Chairman to ask the Candidate if there were any additions or corrections to the text. Most candidates will have an “errata” list that would now be added to the thesis. This is important if there are any significant mistakes in the paper, for example, if the word ”not” was left out in the main conclusion.

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Academic traditions: the Nailing of the Thesis, April 17, 2009

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Nailing the thesis at University of Gothenburg, Sweden

Nailing the thesis at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Photo for CMC © Jan-Erik Nilsson 2009.

When I was told that I was supposed to “nail” my thesis to the University wall, it initially didn’t occur to me that I was supposed to do so literally and in person, with a hammer.

But so it went.

A University tradition since Medieval times
In the West, universities developed as centres for research and higher learning as we know them today around the 11th to 13th century when it became obvious that the old cathedral schools were no longer adequate.

A fully developed medieval university had four faculties of which the theological was the most important. Then came law and medicine, while philosophy was a preparation in the ‘seven liberal arts’ such as math and rhetoric etc. that you needed to clear before entering the higher levels.

In 1517 Martin Luther nailed his ’95 Theses’
Looking back at the traditions of the European universities, there is surprisingly little written on academic traditions. As for “nailings”, what comes to mind if something is the famous occasion when in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of the All Saints’ Castle Church in Wittenberg.

In most stories about this event, it has appeared as if the nailing in itself was a unique act of rebellion, to draw attention to his protests, but personally, I think what he did was to follow an academic tradition of publicly announcing his “theses”, which in Greek means “position”, and more or less invited others to discuss this at the Wittenberg University where he was a Professor in Theology.

That the nailing of the theses by Martin Luther was in academic spirit and inclination appears all the more likely since in 1502, the All Saints’ church served as an annexe and a chapel to the University of Wittenberg. The church was the place where university students were awarded their doctorates and it would have been a place where the general public would weekly (or even daily) frequent in those times.
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Purple proper, to the “spikning” or nailing of the thesis

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At Repro Centralen of Göteborgs Universitet, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

At the printing shop of Göteborgs Universitet to collect copies of my thesis. Purple wool dress by Warehouse and black patent flats by Prada.

It was to be a small academic ceremony today where I collected my thesis from the printers and have one copy nailed to the public notice board of the University of Gothenburg. The spikning or the nailing of the thesis is for two main reasons, the first of which is to encourage the public to read your work and the second, perhaps more important reason, is to show that your work hasn’t been plagiarized.

Design in dress and colours on outfits have always been important factors in my life. When choosing junior colleges in Singapore, I remember how all my other classmates chose their junior colleges based on entry grades and proximity to the home. I chose my junior college based on its uniform. So I ended up at Victoria Junior College in Singapore, second highest ranked after Raffles Junior College at that time, with its beige coloured unifrom accented with a deep wine coloured belt. And I felt perfectly fine about it. I thought a neutral beige would help my mind relax in its notoriously competitive school environment and the deep burgundy wine just happens to be one of my favourite colours of all time.

Spikning, nailing the thesis to the notice board for the public at the University of Gothenburg

Nailing the thesis to the public notice board at Göteborgs Universitet.

The ceremony consisted of drilling a hole at the corner of my 554 paged thesis and putting a nail through that, onto the notice board at the University of Gothenburg. A champagne bottle was popped and served in celebration, and as a thank you for the group who had joined in for this happy event.

In dress, I opted for a 60s looking purple sheath dress from Warehouse with a boat neck and capped sleeves, since it had clean lines and turned quite chic when paired with dark grey wool tights and a pair of black patent Prada flats.
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PhD thesis Acknowledgements, 2009

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My PhD thesis, entitled Swedish management in Singapore: a discourse analysis study (2009) will be printed within the week. In this post, I’d like to share with you the Acknowledgements section of my thesis. This section tells briefly, the story of how the PhD thesis began and the individuals who helped me put it together.

More about my PhD thesis can be found at cherylmariecordeiro.com. The public defense of the thesis will take place on Saturday, the 9th of May, 2009 at 10:00 hrs, Room T302, Arkeologen, Olof Wijksgatan 6, Gothenburg, Sweden.

The Invite to the thesis will be posted on my website shortly.

Acknowledgements

Photo for CMC © Kevin Dominic Cordeiro 2009.

Cheryl Marie Cordeiro by Kevin Dominic Cordeiro, Kranji, Singapore

My PhD years at the University of Gothenburg and this thesis has had mentorship from numerous outstanding individuals both from within the university and outside of it. It is to these individuals, including the Scandinavian and Asian respondents that took part in my study, that my heartfelt gratitude and thanks go out to, for without their help, this thesis would not have seen its ISBN number.

First and foremost I would like to thank my parents Rita and Adrian Cordeiro and my brother Kevin, who through my childhood and study career had always encouraged me to follow my heart and inquisitive mind in any direction this took me. My parents provided me with a loving home, one where an academic mind was celebrated, and Kevin’s sharp sense of humour has been a gift in my life. If we ever had a family motto that would have been – If there’s a will, there’s a way – a philosophy of life I have been carrying with me every day.

I grew up in the Republic of Singapore. The history of this city state is not older than that I have followed much of its development myself, from its modest situation after its separation from Malaysia in 1965 towards becoming a small but modern state, with its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita ranking among the highest in the world. Singapore has accomplished this and several other milestones without basically any natural resources. In fact, Singapore does not even have enough natural freshwater resources to sustain its own population. I could not help but ask myself, how did Singapore make all this possible?

Singapore is also multi-cultural and multi-religious, as such, there was often some kind of celebration going on somewhere. The cultural beliefs and obligations were legion. My school- and classmates were Chinese, Malays, Indians, Eurasians and Arabs etc, all living as far as I could tell, happily together. As I grew up, I was surprised to understand that this was not always the case in many other places of the world. Here again, I could not help but ask, how does Singapore handle the multi-faceted social fabric of its society?

Later, during my university years and while studying towards two separate Masters degrees I got to notice that there were many foreigners coming to Singapore to set up and run Asian market head offices. Among those were many Swedish organizations. It was obvious to me that these foreign companies were part of the what made Singapore a successful business hub.

Eventually my inquiring mind put me in contact with Jan-Erik Nilsson in Sweden who, being one of the founding fathers of the Swedish East Indiaman Gotheborg III ship project, had a lot of thoughts on this subject.

It was our discussions around the peaceful and profitable historical Swedish – Asian trade adventures of days gone by and its modern continuation in Singapore that eventually led to the beginnings of this PhD thesis.

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When failure is success: a change of view in expatriate integration

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The job of the expatriate in international job transfers is hardly an easy transition. Most Scandinavian expatriate contracts in Singapore for example average 3 years, during which time, the employees, usually at managerial level, are supposed to make adjustments along several dimensions, both in the private and public domains.

International managers not only need to adjust to a new home, perhaps a new language, and new schools for the children if the family is in tow, but they are also expected to adjust into the new role within the organization and perform on the job.

If the ballpark figure is given at about a year to adjust to a foreign environment, then 3 years for the average expatriate contract, isn’t much time given to get things working smoothly, since as soon as you begin to feel comfortable in the new environment, it’s time to go home. Going home is not also always smooth sailing since you’re perhaps faced with a host of re-acculturation issues due to that you have gained new knowledge from the new environment and now cannot help but apply that new knowledge back home.

During the 1960s and up until about ten years ago, the majority body of literature that governed relocation and expatriate managers’ experience overseas equated their transition success with how far they’ve come to be integrated with the host country’s culture (Black, 1988; Janssens, 1995)

In speaking with Scandinavian respondents about their experience in socializing with Singaporeans, many of them mentioned that they felt marginalized and not at all integrated into the Singapore society. It didn’t seem to matter whether they were there for three years or in some cases, fifteen to twenty-six years. Disheartened and feeling not quite successful in the aspect of cross-cultural socializing, many said they felt ‘outside’ of the local system, some even mentioning that they felt more ‘Swedish’ or ‘Danish’ when they were in Asia, than when they were back in Scandinavia.

When it came to cross-cultural socializing, the organizations had office functions and staff dinner and dances, which they found a perfect opportunity to mingle with the locals, but apart from such events, they found themselves rarely socializing with the locals.
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